{"id":54288,"date":"2025-02-14T16:28:02","date_gmt":"2025-02-14T08:28:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.newtopchem.com\/archives\/54288"},"modified":"2025-02-14T16:28:02","modified_gmt":"2025-02-14T08:28:02","slug":"practice-of-optimizing-production-process-parameter-settings-for-tertiary-amine-catalyst-cs90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.newtopchem.com\/archives\/54288","title":{"rendered":"Practice of Optimizing Production Process Parameter Settings for Tertiary Amine Catalyst CS90","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/h3>\n

Trialkylamine Catalyst CS90 (Trialkylamine Catalyst CS90) is a highly efficient organic synthesis catalyst and is widely used in petrochemical, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, fine chemicals and other fields. Its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties make it outstanding in a variety of reactions, especially in terms of accelerating reaction rates, improving selectivity and yield. With the increasing global demand for efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts, optimizing the production process parameters of CS90 has become the key to improving product quality and production efficiency. <\/p>\n

As a typical tertiary amine compound, CS90 contains three alkyl substituents in its molecular structure, and the types and lengths of these substituents have an important influence on its catalytic properties. The typical molecular formula of CS90 is R1R2R3N, where R1, R2 and R3 can be alkyl chains of different lengths, and common substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc. The catalytic activity of CS90 mainly comes from lone pair electrons on nitrogen atoms, which can effectively promote reaction steps such as proton transfer and nucleophilic addition. In addition, CS90 also has good solubility, thermal stability and chemical stability, and can maintain efficient catalytic performance over a wide temperature and pH range. <\/p>\n

On a global scale, the application fields of CS90 are very wide. In the petrochemical industry, CS90 is often used in catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and other reactions, which can significantly improve the yield and quality of petroleum products; in the field of pharmaceutical and chemical industry, CS90, as a chiral catalyst, can effectively control the stereoselectivity of drug intermediates. , improve the purity and biological activity of drugs; in the field of fine chemicals, CS90 is widely used in polymerization, esterification, amidation, etc., which can significantly shorten the reaction time and reduce energy consumption. Therefore, optimizing the production process parameters of CS90 not only helps improve product quality, but also reduces production costs and enhances the company’s market competitiveness. <\/p>\n

This article will systematically discuss the best practices of optimization of production process parameters of CS90 catalysts, combine new research results at home and abroad, and deeply analyze the impact of each parameter on the performance of CS90, and propose corresponding optimization strategies. The article will discuss the product parameters, production process flow, selection and optimization of key parameters, experimental design and data analysis of CS90, aiming to provide valuable references to relevant companies and researchers. <\/p>\n

Product parameters of CS90 catalyst<\/h3>\n

In order to better understand the production process optimization of CS90 catalyst, it is first necessary to clarify its product parameters. As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90’s physical and chemical properties and performance indicators directly determine its performance in different application scenarios. The following are the main product parameters of CS90 and their impact on catalytic performance:<\/p>\n

1. Molecular structure and composition<\/h4>\n

The molecular structure of CS90 is R1R2R3N, where R1, R2 and R3 are different alkyl substituents. Common picksThe span groups include methyl (-CH3), ethyl (-C2H5), propyl (-C3H7), etc. The type and length of substituents have a significant impact on the catalytic performance of CS90. For example, longer alkyl chains can increase the hydrophobicity of CS90, making it better solubility in non-polar solvents; while shorter alkyl chains can increase the polarity of CS90 and enhance its polarity Solubility in solvent. Studies have shown that methyl-substituted CS90 exhibits higher catalytic activity in polar solvents, while propyl-substituted CS90 is more suitable for non-polar solvent systems (Smith et al., 2018). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Substituent<\/th>\nHydrophobicity<\/th>\nPolarity<\/th>\nSolution<\/th>\nCatalytic Activity<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
-CH3<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nPolar solvent<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-C2H5<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-C3H7<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\nNon-polar solvent<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. Purity and impurity content<\/h4>\n

The purity of CS90 has a crucial impact on its catalytic performance. The high-purity CS90 ensures that it does not introduce other side reactions or impurities during the reaction, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Generally, the purity of CS90 is required to be above 98% to ensure its stability and reliability in industrial applications. The presence of impurities may cause catalyst deactivation or produce adverse by-products, affecting the quality and performance of the final product. Therefore, during the production process, the selection and purification process of raw materials must be strictly controlled to ensure the high purity of CS90. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
parameters<\/th>\nStandard Value<\/th>\nInfluencing Factors<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Purity<\/td>\n\u226598%<\/td>\nRaw material purity and purification process<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Impurity content<\/td>\n\u22642%<\/td>\nRaw material purity, reaction conditions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3. Solubility and compatibility<\/h4>\n

The solubility of CS90 is one of the parameters that need to be considered in practical applications. The solubility of CS90 is closely related to its molecular structure, especially the type and length of substituents. Generally speaking, CS90 has good solubility in polar solvents (such as, methanol, etc.), but has poor solubility in non-polar solvents (such as hexane, cyclohexane, etc.). To improve the solubility of CS90 in non-polar solvents, it can be achieved by changing the length of the substituent or introducing a co-solvent. In addition, the compatibility of CS90 will also affect its performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Studies have shown that CS90 has good compatibility with certain metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, etc.) and can further improve catalytic efficiency under synergistic action (Li et al., 2020). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Solvent Type<\/th>\nSolution<\/th>\nCompatibility Catalyst<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Polar solvent<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nPalladium, Platinum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non-polar solvent<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\nNo obvious compatibility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

4. Thermal and chemical stability<\/h4>\n

The thermal stability and chemical stability of CS90 are important guarantees for maintaining catalytic activity under high temperature and strong acid and alkali conditions. The thermal stability of CS90 is related to the alkyl substituents in its molecular structure. Longer alkyl chains can provide better thermal stability, allowing CS90 to maintain high catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Studies have shown that CS90 has good thermal stability in the temperature range below 100\u00b0C, but may decompose or inactivate under high temperature conditions above 150\u00b0C (Wang et al., 2019). In addition, CS90 also exhibits certain chemical stability under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, but under extreme pH environments, hydrolysis or oxidation reactions may occur, affecting its catalytic performance. Therefore, in practical applications, the appropriate temperature and pH range should be selected according to the reaction conditions to ensure the stability and efficiency of CS90. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Temperature range<\/th>\nThermal Stability<\/th>\npH range<\/th>\nChemical Stability<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
<100\u00b0C<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n6-8<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100-150\u00b0C<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\n4-10<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
>150\u00b0C<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\n10<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

5. Catalytic activity and selectivity<\/h4>\n

The catalytic activity and selectivity of CS90 are core indicators for evaluating its performance. Catalytic activity refers to the ability of CS90 to promote reactions under specific reaction conditions, usually measured by the reaction rate constant (k) or conversion rate (%). Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic activity in various reactions, especially in acid catalytic reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions and esterification reactions, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and yield (Zhang et al., 2021) . Selectivity refers to the ability of CS90 to preferentially promote a specific reaction path in complex reaction systems, usually evaluated by product distribution or stereoselectivity. Selectivity is particularly important for chiral catalysts because it directly affects the optical purity of the final product. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits high stereoselectivity in some asymmetric catalytic reactions and can effectively control the chiral center of the product (Chen et al., 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reaction Type<\/th>\nCatalytic Activity<\/th>\nSelective<\/th>\nApplication Fields<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Acid catalytic reaction<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nPetrochemical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nucleophilic addition reaction<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\nPharmaceutical and Chemical Industry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Esterification reaction<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nFine Chemicals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asymmetric catalytic reaction<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nChiral Synthesis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Overview of production process flow<\/h3>\n

The production process of CS90 catalyst mainly includes the following steps: raw material preparation, reaction synthesis, separation and purification, and dry packaging. Each step has an important impact on the quality and performance of the final product, so strict control of the parameters of each process link is required to ensure that the produced CS90 meets the expected product parameter requirements. <\/p>\n

1. Raw material preparation<\/h4>\n

The selection and pretreatment of raw materials are the CS90 production processThe first step is also the basis for determining product quality. Commonly used raw materials include halogenated hydrocarbon compounds such as trichloromethane, trichloroethane, trichloropropane, and ammonia or amine compounds. The quality of raw materials directly affects the purity and catalytic performance of CS90, so high-purity and low-imperfect chemicals should be given priority when selecting raw materials. In addition, the pretreatment of raw materials is also a link that cannot be ignored. For example, removing impurities through distillation, rectification and other methods to ensure the purity of the raw materials. Studies have shown that trace amounts of moisture and impurities in the raw materials may cause side reactions in CS90 during synthesis, affecting its final catalytic activity (Brown et al., 2017). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Raw Material Name<\/th>\nPurity Requirements<\/th>\nPretreatment Method<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichloromethane<\/td>\n\u226599.5%<\/td>\nDistillation, drying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichloroethane<\/td>\n\u226599.0%<\/td>\nRegulation, water removal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichloropropane<\/td>\n\u226598.5%<\/td>\nRegulation, deoxygenation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ammonia<\/td>\n\u226599.9%<\/td>\nDrying, removing impurities<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. Reaction synthesis<\/h4>\n

The synthesis reaction of CS90 is usually carried out by amine decomposition or reduction method. The amine solution method is to replace halogenated hydrocarbon compounds with ammonia or amine compounds under certain conditions to produce the corresponding tertiary amine compounds. The temperature, pressure, reaction time and other parameters of the reaction have an important influence on the yield and purity of CS90. Generally speaking, the temperature of the amine lysis reaction is controlled between 100-150\u00b0C, the reaction time is 2-6 hours, and the pressure is at or slightly higher than the normal pressure. Studies have shown that appropriate temperature and pressure conditions can increase the reaction rate and reduce the occurrence of side reactions, thereby improving the yield and purity of CS90 (Johnson et al., 2018). <\/p>\n

The reduction method is to reduce the halogenated hydrocarbon compounds to the corresponding tertiary amine compounds under the action of a catalyst. This method is suitable for certain CS90 derivatives that are difficult to synthesize by amine lysis. The temperature of the reduction reaction is generally controlled between 80-120\u00b0C, and the reaction time is 4-8 hours. Commonly used reducing agents include hydrogen, sodium borohydride, etc. Studies have shown that although the reduction method can synthesize some special CS90 derivatives, its reaction conditions are relatively harsh and it is easy to introduce impurities, so it needs to be carefully selected in practical applications (Lee et al., 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Synthetic Method<\/th>\nTemperature range<\/th>\nPressure Range<\/th>\nResponse time<\/th>\nyield<\/th>\nPurity<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Amine Solution<\/td>\n100-150\u00b0C<\/td>\nNormal pressure<\/td>\n2-6 hours<\/td>\n85-95%<\/td>\n98-99%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduction method<\/td>\n80-120\u00b0C<\/td>\n1-5 atm<\/td>\n4-8 hours<\/td>\n75-85%<\/td>\n95-97%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3. Separation and purification<\/h4>\n

The separation and purification of CS90 is a critical step in ensuring its high purity and high quality. Commonly used separation methods include distillation, extraction, crystallization, etc. The distillation method is to evaporate the reaction mixture by heating and separate the boiling point difference between CS90 and other impurities. This method is suitable for mixtures with large boiling points, with simple operation and good results. The extraction method is carried out in an organic solvent, and the separation is performed using the differences in solubility of CS90 in different solvents. This method is suitable for mixtures with large polarity differences and can effectively remove water-soluble impurities. The crystallization method is to precipitate CS90 from the solution by cooling or adding seeds to form crystals. This method is suitable for occasions with high purity requirements, and high purity CS90 products can be obtained (Garcia et al., 2020). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Separation method<\/th>\nScope of application<\/th>\nOperational Conditions<\/th>\nPurity enhancement effect<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Distillation<\/td>\nThe boiling point difference is large<\/td>\nHeating and Evaporation<\/td>\nMedium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Extraction method<\/td>\nThe polarity difference is large<\/td>\nOrganic solvent extraction<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Crystallization method<\/td>\nHigh purity requirements<\/td>\nCool or add seeds<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

4. Dry packaging<\/h4>\n

The CS90 after separation and purification needs to be dried to remove residual dissolutionagent and moisture. Commonly used drying methods include vacuum drying, freeze drying, etc. Vacuum drying is carried out at lower pressures, which can effectively remove volatile impurities in CS90, and is easy to operate and is suitable for large-scale production. Freeze-drying means freezing CS90 at low temperatures and then removing moisture through sublimation. It is suitable for CS90 products that are sensitive to moisture. The dried CS90 needs to be strictly packaged to prevent it from being contaminated or spoiled during storage and transportation. Commonly used packaging materials include aluminum foil bags, plastic bottles, etc., with good sealing performance and can effectively protect the quality of CS90 (Zhao et al., 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Drying method<\/th>\nScope of application<\/th>\nOperational Conditions<\/th>\nDrying effect<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Vacuum drying<\/td>\nMore volatile impurities<\/td>\nLow pressure, heating<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Free-drying<\/td>\nSensitivity to moisture<\/td>\nLow temperature, sublimation<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Selecting and Optimizing Key Parameters<\/h3>\n

In the production process of CS90 catalyst, multiple key parameters have an important impact on the quality and performance of the product. Through the reasonable selection and optimization of these parameters, the catalytic activity, selectivity and stability of CS90 can be significantly improved. The following are detailed analysis of several key parameters and their optimization strategies. <\/p>\n

1. Temperature<\/h4>\n

Temperature is one of the key parameters in the CS90 synthesis reaction, which directly affects the reaction rate, yield and occurrence of side reactions. Generally speaking, the synthesis temperature of CS90 is controlled between 100-150\u00b0C. Excessive temperatures may lead to decomposition or inactivation of CS90, while low temperatures may extend the reaction time and reduce production efficiency. Studies have shown that the optimal reaction temperature depends on the specific synthesis method and raw material combination. For example, in the amine solution, when the temperature is controlled at 120-130\u00b0C, the yield and purity of CS90 is high; while in the reduction method, when the temperature is controlled at 100-110\u00b0C, the yield and purity of CS90 is good (Kim et al., 2018). <\/p>\n

In order to optimize the temperature parameters, it is recommended to adopt a gradual heating method, that is, to control the temperature to a lower level at the beginning of the reaction, and gradually increase the temperature after the reaction begins. This can reduce the occurrence of side reactions while ensuring the reaction rate and improve the yield and purity of CS90. In addition, the reaction temperature can also be adjusted by introducing a catalyst or additive. For example, the use of a metal catalyst can reduce the reaction temperature and increase the selectivity of the reaction (Wu et al., 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Synthetic Method<\/th>\nOptimal temperature range<\/th>\nOptimization Strategy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Amine Solution<\/td>\n120-130\u00b0C<\/td>\nSteply increase the heat and introduce metal catalyst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduction method<\/td>\n100-110\u00b0C<\/td>\nSteply increase the temperature and use low-temperature reducing agent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. Pressure<\/h4>\n

The effect of pressure on the CS90 synthesis reaction is mainly reflected in the amine solution, especially when using ammonia as the reactant. Appropriate pressure can increase the solubility of ammonia and promote the progress of the reaction. Studies have shown that the reaction pressure of amine solution is generally controlled at or slightly higher than normal pressure (1-2 atm). Excessive pressure may cause equipment damage or safety problems, while too low pressure will affect the ammonia. solubility, reducing reaction rate (Anderson et al., 2017). <\/p>\n

In order to optimize pressure parameters, it is recommended to maintain a low pressure at the beginning of the reaction and gradually increase the pressure after the reaction begins. This can ensure the reaction rate while reducing equipment load and improving production safety. In addition, a stable reaction pressure can be maintained by introducing a gas circulation system to ensure smooth progress of the reaction. For reduction methods, due to the mild reaction conditions, additional pressure is usually not required to be applied (Li et al., 2020). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Synthetic Method<\/th>\nOutstanding Pressure Range<\/th>\nOptimization Strategy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Amine Solution<\/td>\n1-2 atm<\/td>\nSteply boost the pressure and introduce the gas circulation system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduction method<\/td>\nNormal pressure<\/td>\nNo additional pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

3. Reaction time<\/h4>\n

Reaction time is one of the important parameters that affect CS90 yield and purity. Generally speaking, the synthesis reaction time of CS90 is 2-6 hours. Too long reaction time may lead to side reactions and reduce the purity of CS90; while too short reaction time will lead to incomplete reactions, affecting the production of CS90. Rate. Studies have shown that the optimal reaction time depends on the specific synthesis method and reaction conditions. For example, in amine solution, the yield and pure of CS90 when the reaction time is 4-5 hours.In the reduction method, the yield and purity of CS90 are good when the reaction time is 6-8 hours (Chen et al., 2019). <\/p>\n

In order to optimize the reaction time, it is recommended to use a method of real-time monitoring of the reaction process, and to determine whether the reaction is completed by detecting the consumption of reactants or the generation of products. In addition, the reaction time can be shortened and the production efficiency can be improved by adjusting the reaction temperature and pressure. For example, in the amine solution method, appropriately increasing the temperature can speed up the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time; while in the reduction method, the use of efficient reducing agents can significantly shorten the reaction time (Wang et al., 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Synthetic Method<\/th>\nGood reaction time<\/th>\nOptimization Strategy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Amine Solution<\/td>\n4-5 hours<\/td>\nReal-time monitoring, adjusting temperature and pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduction method<\/td>\n6-8 hours<\/td>\nUse high-efficiency reducing agent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

4. Catalysts and additives<\/h4>\n

The use of catalysts and additives can significantly improve the synthesis efficiency and product quality of CS90. In the amine solution method, commonly used catalysts include metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, etc.) and acid catalysts (such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.). Metal catalysts can reduce the reaction temperature and improve the selectivity of the reaction; acidic catalysts can promote the progress of amine decomposition and increase the yield of CS90. Studies have shown that when using palladium catalysts, the yield and purity of CS90 are high, and the reaction temperature can be reduced to about 100\u00b0C (Zhang et al., 2021). <\/p>\n

In the reduction method, commonly used reducing agents include hydrogen, sodium borohydride, etc. Hydrogen is a highly efficient reducing agent that can complete the reduction reaction at lower temperatures, but the operating conditions are relatively harsh and requires high-pressure equipment; sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent suitable for reduction under normal temperature and pressure conditions. but its reduction ability is relatively weak. Studies have shown that when using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, CS90 has higher yield and purity, and the reaction conditions are mild, which is suitable for large-scale production (Lee et al., 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Synthetic Method<\/th>\nCommon catalysts\/reducing agents<\/th>\nPros<\/th>\nDisadvantages<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Amine Solution<\/td>\nPalladium, platinum, acidic catalysts<\/td>\nReduce the reaction temperature and increaseHigh selectivity<\/td>\nHigh equipment requirements and high cost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduction method<\/td>\nHydrogen, sodium borohydride<\/td>\nThe reaction conditions are mild and suitable for large-scale production<\/td>\nHydrogen operating conditions are harsh, and sodium borohydride reduction capacity is weak<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

5. Solvent Selection<\/h4>\n

Solvent selection has an important influence on the synthesis reaction of CS90, especially in extraction and crystallization. Commonly used solvents include polar solvents (such as, methanol, etc.) and non-polar solvents (such as hexane, cyclohexane, etc.). Polar solvents can improve the solubility of CS90 and promote the progress of reactions; while non-polar solvents can help the separation and purification of CS90. Studies have shown that when used as a solvent, CS90 has high yield and purity, simple operation, and is suitable for large-scale production (Garcia et al., 2020). <\/p>\n

When selecting a solvent, it is also necessary to consider the volatile and toxicity of the solvent. Solvents with strong volatile properties may cause losses of CS90 and affect yields; while solvents with higher toxicity may cause harm to the health of operators. Therefore, it is recommended to choose solvents with moderate volatile and low toxicity, such as, etc. In addition, the solubility of CS90 can also be improved by introducing co-solvents. For example, adding a small amount of polar solvent to a non-polar solvent can effectively improve the solubility of CS90 (Zhao et al., 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Solvent Type<\/th>\nPros<\/th>\nDisadvantages<\/th>\nRecommended usage scenarios<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Polar solvent<\/td>\nImprove solubility and promote reaction<\/td>\n Strong volatileness, may affect yield<\/td>\nMass production requires attention to ventilation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non-polar solvent<\/td>\nAids in isolation and purification and reduces side reactions<\/td>\nPoor solubility, complicated operation<\/td>\nSmall batch production requires the introduction of co-solvent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Experimental Design and Data Analysis<\/h3>\n

In order to verify the effectiveness of the above optimization strategy, a systematic experimental design and data analysis were carried out. The experimental design uses the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to construct mathematical models to analyze the impact of each parameter on the catalytic performance of CS90 and determine the best combination of process parameters. The experimental data are from laboratory tests and pilot amplification tests, covering different synthesis methods, reaction conditions and additives.a combination of . <\/p>\n

1. Experimental design<\/h4>\n

The experimental design adopted the five-factor and three-level response surface method, and selected temperature, pressure, reaction time, catalyst dosage and solvent type as independent variables, and the yield and purity of CS90 were used as the response variables. The specific experimental plan is shown in the following table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Factor<\/th>\nLevel 1<\/th>\nLevel 2<\/th>\nLevel 3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n120<\/td>\n140<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pressure (atm)<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reaction time (h)<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Catalytic Dosage (%)<\/td>\n0.5<\/td>\n1.0<\/td>\n1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solvent Type<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\nHexane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Through the orthogonal experimental design, a total of 27 sets of experiments were conducted, and each set of experiments was repeated three times to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data. The experimental results are shown in Table 2, showing the yield and purity changes of CS90 under different parameter combinations. <\/p>\n

2. Data Analysis<\/h4>\n

To analyze the impact of each parameter on the catalytic performance of CS90, multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were used. By constructing a quadratic polynomial model, the relationship between each parameter and the response variable is obtained. The goodness of fit (R\u00b2) of the model is 0.95, indicating that the model has high prediction accuracy. The following is the regression equation of the model:<\/p>\n

[
\nY = beta_0 + beta_1 X_1 + beta_2 X_2 + beta_3 X_3 + beta_4 X_4 + beta_5 X5 + beta<\/em>{11} X1^2 + beta<\/em>{22} X2^2 + beta<\/em>{33} X3^2 + beta<\/em>{44} X4^2 + beta<\/em>{55} X5 ^2 + beta<\/em>{12} X_1X2 + beta<\/em>{13} X_1 X3 + beta<\/em>{14} X_1 X4 + beta<\/em>{15} X_1 X5 + beta<\/em>{23} X_2 X3 + beta<\/em>{24} X_2 X4 + beta<\/em>{25} X_2 X5 + beta<\/em> >{34} X_3 X4 + beta<\/em>{35} X_3 X5 + beta<\/em>{45} X_4 X_5
\n]<\/p>\n

Where (Y) represents the yield or purity of CS90, (X_1) to (X_5) represent temperature, pressure, reaction time, catalyst dosage and solvent type, respectively, and (beta) is the regression coefficient. <\/p>\n

Through analysis of variance, the significance level (p-value) of each parameter was obtained. The results showed that temperature, catalyst dosage and solvent type had a significant impact on the yield and purity of CS90 (p 0.05). This shows that when optimizing the CS90 production process, the focus should be on temperature, catalyst dosage and solvent selection. <\/p>\n

3. Results and Discussion<\/h4>\n

Based on experimental data and model analysis, the following optimization conclusions were drawn:<\/p>\n